Living polymer in situ system and method of use

ABSTRACT

A kit for providing a polymerizable resin system is disclosed, which kit comprises a first Part A and a second Part B, which Part A and Part B upon mixing provides a working period of intermediate stage polymerization in which the mixture obtains a desired cohesiveness for a predetermined period of time. The first Part A comprises an acid and the second Part B comprises an organic compound that is water soluble or partially water soluble and that, in the presence of the acid, initiates curing of polymerizable monomer and/or resin that is present in Part A, Part B, or both. Also disclosed is a method of using the mixed composition as an adhesive, cement, glue, sealant, a base liner, a capping agent, a material for surface or structural repair and/or filling, an encasing material, a bodily implant, a dental material, and/or as a polymeric object having a living polymer surface property.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.78(a)(4), this application claims the benefit ofand priority of prior filed co-pending Provisional Application Ser. No.61/881,077, filed Sep. 23, 2013, which is expressly incorporated hereinin its entirety by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a kit in which a two-component resinsystem capable of use as an adhesive, sealant or filling or encasingmaterial that comprises, in separation components, an organic compoundand an acid compound, at least one of which compounds is in associationwith an inorganic filler and ethylenically unsaturated monomer and/oroligomer.

BACKGROUND

Living polymerization was discovered in the 1950's of last century. Itwas first demonstrated by Michael Szwarc in 1956 in the anionicpolymerization of styrene with an alkali metal/naphthalene system intetrahydrofuran (THF). Szwarc found that, after addition of monomer tothe initiator system, an increase in viscosity would eventually ceasebut that, the viscosity would start to increase again after addition ofa new amount of monomer (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living polymerization).Since then, living polymerization has evolved and, in many laboratoriesaround the world, conditions for obtaining such polymerization werediscovered for various other types of anionic, cationic, ring-openingand free radical systems. Protection of the living end of a polymer fromtermination has been accomplished by complexation or by steric hindranceand by appropriate choice of reagents and solvents (Moshe Levy: “LivingPolymers”—50 years of evolution).

Recently, U.S. Pat. No. 8,222,346 to Cao et al. disclosed a novel blockcopolymer, based on living polymerization, containing a controlleddistribution of a conjugated diene and a mono alkenyl arene in copolymerblocks. Cao et al. disclosed, in a representative synthetic method, thatan initiator compound can be used to start the polymerization of a firstmonomer. According to this method, the reaction is allowed to proceeduntil all of the monomer is consumed, resulting in a living homopolymer.To this living homopolymer is then added a second monomer that ischemically different from the first monomer. The living end of the firstpolymer serves as the site for continued polymerization, therebyincorporating the second monomer as a distinct block into the linearpolymer. The block copolymer so grown is living until terminated (col.1, line 16-26).

Various block copolymers have been prepared by cationic, group transfer,metallocence, and metathesis routes. This includes atom transfer radicalpolymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), andreversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT).The significant advance in block and graft copolymer synthesis has comeabout with the advent of controlled radical polymerization (CRP)techniques (Handbook of Vinyl Polymers, Radical Polymerization, Process,and Technology; Second Addition, Edited by Mishra, et al, CRC Press;2009).

On a different subject, glycine and its derivatives are organiccompounds that have been used as free radical initiators in thepolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, especially asphoto-polymerization initiators. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,479,185discloses the use of a system comprising N-phenyl glycine orN,N,N′,N′-ethylenediamino tetraacetic acid in combination with a2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl dimer as a photopolymerization catalystsystem.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,656 to Markiewitz, et al, discloses a polymerizablesystem susceptible to free radical polymerization that comprises one ormore ethylenically unsaturated compounds and, as an initiator, N-phenylglycine or a derivative, wherein the initiator will yield a dissolvedinitiator compound upon acidification, provided that the ethylenicallyunsaturated compounds do not contain any group with which the acid groupof the initiator compound will preferentially react. Markiewitzdemonstrated solution polymerization in which polymerization, whichoccurred over several days in the presence of solvent or water,comprised dissolution and acidification of the initiator in thepolymerization system. Markiewitz, however, made no mention of obtaining“living” polymerized materials.

Dental bonding systems utilizing N-phenyl glycine or its derivativecompounds as a dentin surface bonding promoter, among other additives,are well known in dentistry. The use of such bonding systems principallyfollow the techniques outlined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,659,751 and5,401,783, both to R. L. Bowen. To Applicant's knowledge, however, no“living” property has been associated with, or mentioned with respectto, such bonding systems.

On still another subject, organic compounds containing sulfonic acidgroups or its alkali salts have been employed as photoinitiators incombination with dissolved chloride ions from a chloride compound,particularly in a process of polymerization using ultraviolet radiation(U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,519 to Pennewisse, et al.). Also, U.S. Pat. No.5,520,725 to Kato et al. discloses a dental glass ionomer compositioncomprising (a) an α-β unsaturated carboxylic acid polymer having aweight-average molecular weight lying in a specific range, (b) apolymerizable unsaturated organic compound having a CH₂═C(R¹)—COO group,(c) water, (d) an organic aromatic compound having an —SO₂ group, (e) afluoroaluminosilicate glass powder having a mean particle size andspecific gravity each lying in a specific range and capable of reactingwith the component (a), and (f) a compound containing at least oneelement selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron and tin.This composition can be cured either without recourse to conventionalredox reaction systems or without exposure to visible light (Abstractand claim 1.) U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,715 to Jia also discloses the use of asodium salt of bezenesulfinic acid in a dental composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a kit for providing apolymerizable resin system, which kit comprises a first Part A and asecond Part B, at least one of which is a paste, which Part A and Part Bupon mixing provides a working period of intermediate stagepolymerization which provides a manipulative state of cohesiveness for apredetermined period of time (for example, a period of at least 30seconds), wherein the first Part A comprises an acid and the second PartB comprises an organic compound that is water soluble or partially watersoluble and that, in the presence of the acid, initiates curing ofpolymerizable monomer and/or resin that is present in Part A, Part B, orboth.

Another embodiment is directed to a method of forming a cured solidmaterial from polymerizable resin system using a kit comprising mixing afirst Part A and a second Part B, at least one of which is a paste, thatupon mixing forms a paste that obtains a working period of intermediatestage polymerization that is characterized by a manipulative state ofcohesiveness for a predetermined period of time, as measured with apenetrometer, that allows a predetermined working period for applyingthe mixture; wherein the first Part A comprises an acid and the secondPart B comprises an organic compound that is water soluble or partiallywater soluble and that, in the presence of the acid, initiates curing ofthe polymerizable monomer and/or resin that is present in Part A, PartB, or both; and employing the mixed composition as an adhesive, cement,glue, sealant, a base liner, a capping agent, a material for surface orstructural repair and/or filling, an encasing material, a bodilyimplant, a dental material, and/or as a polymeric object having a livingpolymer surface property.

Still another embodiment is directed to a kit for providing apolymerizable resin system, which kit comprises a first Part A and asecond Part B, which Part A and Part B upon mixing provides a workingperiod of intermediate stage polymerization in which the mixture obtainscohesiveness, wherein the first Part A comprises polyacrylic acidhomopolymer or copolymer and the second Part B comprises an organiccompound that is water soluble or partially water soluble and that, inthe presence of the acid, initiates curing of a polymerizable monomerand/or resin that is present in Part A, Part B, or both.

With respect to the above embodiments, Part A and Part B upon mixing canobtain a working period of intermediate stage polymerization that ischaracterized by a cohesiveness corresponding to a stress unit value ofat least 0.5 kg/cm², measured with a penetrometer, which working periodlasts for greater than 30 seconds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It has been discovered by the Applicant that a polymerization resinsystem comprising a “living polymer” in which a working time of at least30 seconds is obtained, is formable by bulk polymerization, wherein thepolymerizable resin system comprises at least an ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer and/or oligomer and a polymerization initiatorsystem comprising an acid and an effective amount of an organiccompound, which is water soluble or partially water soluble and which,in the presence of an acid, can be ionized or solvated to releaseradical ion groups. Charged groups include, but are not limited to,salts of organic acids (such as sulfonate, phosphonate, carboxylategroups, and salts of amino acids), onium compounds (such as quaternaryammonium, sulfonium, and phosphonium groups), protonated amines, andprecursors thereof, as well as combinations thereof.

One aspect of the invention is directed to a kit for providing apolymerizable resin system, which kit comprises a first Part A and asecond Part B. Specifically at least one of Part A and Part B, or bothis non-liquid or contains polyacrylic acid in liquid or powder form.More specifically, Part A and Part B are both pastes containing afiller. The paste can have various consistency ranging, for example,from a soft and creamy or flowable paste to a doughy or putty likeconsistency. Components A and B upon mixing (within 6 hours,specifically within 1 hour, more specifically within 30 minutes, andmost specifically within 1 to 10 minutes) can provide a working periodof intermediate stage living polymerization in which the mixture obtainsa polymeric cohesiveness characterized by a stress unit value of atleast 0.5 kg/cm², specifically 0.5 to 2.0 kg/cm², more specifically 0.8to 1.9 kg/cm², for example 0.5 to 1.5 kg/cm², as measured with apenetrometer, which working period can last for greater than 30 seconds,specifically 45 seconds to 24 hours, more specifically 1 minute to 2hours. This time period advantageously provides an appropriate workingperiod, depending on where the material is being used, whether for atiny tooth filling, for which a faster reaction may be desired, forexample 30 seconds to a few minutes. In contrast, when filling a largerdefect in an architect structure, for example, one would prefer to havemuch longer time to work with the material, such as 30 minutes toseveral hours.

As stated above, a first Part A in a kit comprises an acid and a secondPart B comprises an effective amount of an organic compound that iswater soluble or partially water soluble and that, in the presence ofthe acid, can be ionized or solvated to initiate curing of thepolymerizable monomer and/or resin that is present in Part A, Part B, orboth.

In one embodiment, the organic compound comprises a salt of an organiccompound that is an organic aromatic sulfonic acid or sulfinic acidand/or an organic aromatic glycine derivative (having the—NH₂CH₂COO-moiety), specifically a salt of an organic sulfonic acid ororganic sulfonic acid, for example, a substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl-sulfonic acid and/or phenyl-sulfinic acid. In another embodiment,the organic compound comprises a salt of a compound comprising anaromatic compound having a substitute or unsubstituted glycine moiety.The first Part A, the second Part B, or both, can comprise an inorganicfiller in an amount of up to about ninety-five percent by weight of eachcomponent, specifically 10 to 80 wt. %, more specifically 20 to 70 wt. %in Part A and/or Part B and or both Part A and Part B.

In one embodiment, the acid in the first Part A comprises poly(acrylicacid) homopolymer or a copolymer (carboxylic acid-group-containingrepeat units). The Poly(acrylic acid) can be used in combination with anacid monomer containing a phosphoric acid group or phosphoric acidderivative, for example, a methacrylate monomer having a phosphoric acidgroup.

Specific ionizable organic compound can include compounds (I) or (II),as follows:

(I) Phenylglycine and derivatives thereof represented by the followingstructure (1):R¹C₆H₄NR²CH2COO⁻M⁺  (1)

wherein R¹ is hydrogen or alkyl; R² is independently hydrogen or alkyl,wherein any alkyl group is substituted or unsubstituted and optionallycontains a functional group selected from vinyl, acrylate, ormethacrylate; C₆H₄ is obviously a phenylene group; M⁺ stands for apositively charged metal cation to compensate electric charges; and

(II) Organosulfur compounds represented by the following structure (2):R—S(O)_(n)—O⁻M⁺

wherein n=0, 1, or 2 and R is an organic radical selected from the groupconsisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl, specifically aradical of benzene or toluene. M⁺ again stands for a positively chargedmetal cation necessary to compensate electric charges. Common cationsare sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the like.

The polymerization initiation system comprises an acid and an effectiveamount of an organic compound that is water soluble or partially watersoluble and that, in the presence of the acid, can be ionized orsolvated to release radical ion groups, and when both the organiccompound and acid are present, polymerizes the ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer and/or oligomer without need of additional external energies ofheat, light, or radiation or the like. The acid, one of the componentsof the living polymerization initiator system, can also be a functionalcompound that is a monomer/oligomer having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup and containing an acid group. In this case therefore, a functionalmonomer/oligomer having an acid group will be polymerized by itself whenthe ionizable organic compound is present.

The polymerizable resin system can polymerize by bulk polymerization andform a living polymer at room temperature or ambient temperature. Whenthere are two or more different ethylenically unsaturated monomers oroligomers present in the resin system, a networked living polymer orcomposite can be formed. As can be understood by one of ordinary skill,suspension polymerization is a special situation of bulk polymerization.Methods for suspension polymerization of acrylates and other unsaturatedmonomers are well known in the art. The process normally comprisesdispensing a liquid monomer in an aqueous phase with stirring to form adispersion of monomer droplets in an aqueous phase.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that livingpolymerization accounts for improved cohesiveness of the polymerizationproduct. The term “living polymer” herein means that, on the basis ofwhat Michael Szwarc has described, a bulk polymerized material is formedfrom the living polymerization of a polymerizable resin systemcomprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and/oroligomer and a polymerization initiator system comprising an acid and aneffective amount of an organic compound that is water soluble orpartially water soluble and that, in the presence of an acid, can beionized or solvated to release radical ion groups, wherein uponcompletion of the polymerization process occurs at least one of thefollowing phenomenon: (1) the increase in viscosity in forming a solidis eventually stopped if there is oxygen present to cause inhibition,but that curing/hardening resumes when the oxygen is consumed and/or thesupply of oxygen is blocked; or (2) the polymerized mass firms up orbecomes jelly-like, which mass can take the shape of the container inwhich polymerization has occurred; or (3) in the absence of oxygen, thepolymerized polymer becomes a hard solid and its surface and/or internalstructure becomes, therefore, “dry,” which solid is touchable withoutseeming wet on the touching surface wherein, like other dormantsituations, the solid polymer is still capable of causing subsequentlayer or layers of a polymerizable resin composition (comprising atleast one ethylenically unsaturated resin that is inactive by itself innormal storage conditions) to further polymerize when added to the“living polymer” surface. Thus, a di-, tri- or multiple layered blockpolymer structure can be obtained.

Since bulk polymerization is employed, the above-described “livingpolymerization” process and the “living polymer” product generated fromthe polymerization can be used, either in situ or not, in many fields orsituations, for example, as a glue, an adhesive, a sealant, a surface ora structural defect filling or repairing material, a structuralcomponent, a medical device such as bone cement, an implant, or a dentalmaterial (such as a bonding agent, a cement, restorative composite, rootcanal sealant, base liner, pulp capping agent, or the like), a dentalappliance, an encasing material, or simply a polymeric article thatpossesses surface characteristics due to the living polymer properties.One of the advantages of the cured polymeric structure having livingproperties is that, without limitation, the surface can be furtherrepaired and/or modified with an “inactive” resin component, whichcomponent otherwise has practically unlimited shelf-life or requiresmixing with another component or requires external energy in order touse it.

For example, the inside of an article made from the living polymer canbe conductive, while an outside layer can be non-conductive, whicharticle can be produced from sequential addition of a resin compositionco-polymerized onto the surface of the living polymer. To make thepolymer conductive, micro- or nano sized particulates and/or fillers ofsilver, graphene, or the like can be incorporated into the formulationof the resin composition.

There are also situations where a pre-made polymeric object (article)having “living” characterizations as described herein can be processedusing the polymerizable resin system and then delivered to a site wherethe article can be placed or filled. The pre-made article can “glued”into place using an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable adhesivecomposition that is polymerizable merely by contacting the livingpolymer surface, so that the adhesive composition is allowed to cure tosecure the pre-made “living” article at the desired site. For example, adentist, in order to restore a patient's damaged tooth, can subscribe arestoration such as a dental crown or bridge from a dental lab, whichrestoration is made from the living polymerizable resin system. Thedentist can simply place and adhere the restoration onto the patienttooth with a polymerizable resin which by itself has no ability to curewhatsoever. Similarly, a dentist can make an inlay directly from apatient's damaged tooth using the living polymerizable resin system andthen lift it, subsequently apply a polymerizable resin layer thatcontains an acid onto the tooth surface, and seat the inlay to allowcuring. The benefit of such a practice is that complete seating of therestoration is allowed, minimizing the potential gap between therestoration and tooth surface, etc. Furthermore, it can eliminatepotential exothermic reaction commonly associated with dental resincements through redox chemical reaction such as employ a benzoylperoxide/amine curing system.

As a practical manner, when an application requires that livingpolymerization taking place in situ, the polymerization resin system canbe divided into at least two components, or two parts, for the purposeof storage and preserving the polymerizable resin system. Therefore, akit for a polymerization resin system having at least two parts orcomponents can be formulated. For example, the organic compound, whichis water soluble or partially water soluble and that, in the presence ofan acid, can be ionized or solvated to release radical ions, can be inone stand-alone part, which can be labeled as Part A; while the acid canbe contained in association with the ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer/oligomer as a second part and can be labeled Part B. In use,Part A and Part B can be simply mixed in a predetermined ratio and themixed resin system transferred into the place where needed, letting theresin system polymerize thereafter. As an alternative, the organiccompound (which is water soluble or partially water soluble and which,in the presence of acid, can be ionized or solvated to radical releaseions) can be premixed into an inert medium carrier, a non-reactiveethylenically unsaturated resin monomer mix, a solvent, and so on, asPart A of the polymerizable resin system. It can also simply bepre-deposited or coated onto a mixing brush, a mixing spatula, a mixingsurface, or the like, used to mix the Part B polymerizable resin system.In addition, the organic compound can be subject to surface coating,thereafter forming encapsulated particulates/solids that are notreactive when they are mixed within the polymerizable resin system.Thus, a storage stable “all-in-one” polymerizable resin system cantherefore be formed, in which the two Parts are in the same container.When effective mixing and/or smear action is applied to the encapsulatedinitiator particulates to cause their breakage for releasing the activeorganic compound, living polymerization can occur to form the livingpolymer from the composite.

Since acid or acid-group containing resin component(s) can be formulatedinto a composition as a polymerization catalyst, the adhesion-promotingeffect to underlining structure surfaces, on which the composition isapplied, is apparent. Under certain situations it can be desirable,although not required, to neutralize or consume the acid when it hasachieved its catalytic effect for polymerization. This can beaccomplished in several ways, for example, by using acid reactive filler(which is essentially a base) or an epoxy resin in the composition (seethe disclosures of U.S. Patent Published Application No. 2012/0142807 toJin et al.).

In one embodiment of a kit, a two-part self-curable composition containsat least one ethylenically unsaturated resin monomer or oligomer, inwhich the acid is kept in one part (which may be named Catalyst) and theorganic compound (which is water soluble or partially water soluble andwhich, in the presence of an acid, can be ionized or solvated to releaseradical ion groups) is formulated into the other part of the curablesystem (which may be named Base). The ethylenically unsaturatedpolymerizable resin can be formulated either in the Catalyst part or theBase part or both, as long as it will not interfere with the storagestability of each part when incorporating the living polymerizationinitiating components within.

Since the organic compound is water soluble or partially water solubleand that, in the presence of an acid, can be ionized or solvated torelease radical ion groups, water participating in the polymerizationreaction is inevitable. Therefore, it is desirable to purposely add somewater to the system, either in the Base part and/or the Catalyst part.However, the water content participating in the living polymerizationprocess can also come from the acid compound itself, from the moisturecontent of the ingredients used, and/or simply from the environmentwhere the living polymerization is occurring. In that case, theintentional addition of water into the system formula may beunnecessary.

One of the unexpected advantages of using a self-curable compositionpossessing living properties is that, because of its living natureduring the polymerization process, curing of the composition aftermixing the two parts together starts the polymerization and makes themass firm up or viscosity increase. Thereafter, however, another timeperiod of at least 30 seconds is provided, which time period sometimescan be up to a day or more, that allows workability during the course ofthe polymerization/curing, specifically allowing the user manipulation,such as material transferring, packing, shaping, condensing or likeactions to the bulk mass of the curing material formed in situ. Thematerial, although it is already in the process of the polymerization,can be subjected to cutting into, flipping over, or folding and pressingtogether during that working period without the messy situation commonlyseen for such action with a soft liquideous material. This uniquelyextended workability time period can be referred to as an “intermediatestage of living polymerization” or “intermediate state ofpolymerization” and it is more prominent with a formula into whichparticulate filler or fillers have been incorporated. This feature canbe very beneficial for many applications. For example, the packing orcondensing action can eliminate voids within a filling material andremove any gap between the filling material and underneath structuresurfaces, etc.

There are many ethylenically unsaturated resin monomers/oligomers thatcan be suitably used in the living polymerization reaction and form aliving polymer or a living polymer composite thereafter. Thepolymerizable monomer/oligomer is not particularly limited as long as itcomprises a monomeric unit that can be polymerized through the livingpolymerization described herein, for example having a (meth)acryloylgroup, styryl group, vinyl group or allyl group as a polymerizablegroup. Typically, resin compounds having a vinyl group are ofethylenically unsaturated nature and contain an olefinic double bond.Examples of those monomers are acrylonitrile, acrylamide,(meth)acrylates, aldehydes, butadiene-1,3, ethylene, isoprene,methacrylic esters, methacrylamide, methyl styrene, styrene, vinylesters, vinylidene chloride, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and so on. Specificresin monomers include those based on acrylic and methacrylic molecules,for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,066,112, 3,179,623, and3,194,784 to Bowen; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,751,399 and 3,926,906 to Lee etal.; commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,276,068 and 5,444,104 toWaknine; and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,103 to Jia et al.,the pertinent portions of all which are herein incorporated byreference. An especially preferred methacrylate monomer is thecondensation product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate,2,2′-bis[4-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxy propoxy)-phenyl]-propane(hereinafter abbreviated “BIS-GMA”), urethane acrylates or diacrylates,urethane dimethacrylates (hereinafter abbreviated “UDMA”), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated “TEGDMA”), polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated “PEGDMA”),hexanedioldimethacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated “HDDMA”) andpolycarbonate dimethacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated “PCDMA”), whichare commonly-used principal oligomers/polymers suitable for use in thepresent invention. Resins also include a biodegradable methacrylate suchas polylactide methacrylate (PLAMA) which is a polymerization product oflactide with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as disclosed in commonlyassigned U.S. patent application No. 20020120033, which is herebyincorporated by reference. Other polymerizable (meth)acrylate monomerinclude aliphatic esters of (meth)acrylic acid such asmethyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, propyl(meth)acrylate,isopropyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, pentyl(meth)acrylate,isopentyl(meth)acrylate and hexyl(meth)acrylate; aromatic esters such asphenyl(meth)acrylate; glycidyl(meth)acrylate andtetrahydrofurfuryl(meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylates containing a hydroxylgroup and further an aromatic ring such as 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate,2- or 3-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, and so on; glycerolmono(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethyleneglycol mono(meth)acrylate, and polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylateshaving a methyl or ethyl substituent such as ethylene glycolmono(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethyleneglycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxydiethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate,methoxytetraethylene glycol(meth)acrylate; aliphatic esters of(meth)acrylic acid such as methylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, neopentylglycol di(meth)acrylate and 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate;polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylates such as ethylene glycoldi(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaethyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, nonaethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate andtetradecaethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, etc. Polyfunctionalpolymerizable monomers/oligomers with tri- or more polymerizable groupssuch as trimethylolalkane tri(meth)acrylates includingtrimethylolmethane tri(meth)acrylate, trimethylolethanetri(meth)acrylate and trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate,tetra(meth)acrylates of polymethylolalkanes or ethers thereof includingpentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate and ditrimethylolpropanetetra(meth)acrylate, and so on, may also be utilized.

The above polymerizable monomers/oligomers can be used alone or incombination of two or more. If the polymerizable monomer/oligomercontains an acid group in its molecule, however, this acid(s) containingpolymerizable monomer/oligomer may be used on its own or in combinationwith another in the polymerizable resin system to form the livingpolymer/composite.

Epoxy containing resins can also be incorporated into the polymerizablemethacrylate system and utilized in the living polymerization andcopolymerized. Reference is hereby given to the U.S. Published PatentApplication No. 2012/0142807 to Jin et al., hereby incorporated byreference. All the epoxy compounds and methacrylate monomers disclosedtherein are suitable for use in the present living polymerizationsystem. Since the acid can also be used to polymerize an epoxy compound,it can be feasible and desirable to combine the living polymerizationwith the epoxide ring opening.

Technically, any organic or inorganic acid can be satisfactorily used aspart of the living polymerization initiation system. Chemical compoundscontaining acid groups of carboxylic acid (—COOH), phosphorus-containingacid groups (—PO(OH)₃, —OPO(OH)₂, —PO(OH)OR, —OPO(OH)OR, etc.),sulfur-containing acid groups (—SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OSO₃H, etc.),boron-containing acid groups (—B(OH)₂, —OB(OH)₂, —B(OH)OR, —OB(OH)OR,etc.) are all suitable acids.

It has been found that to obtain the best or improved polymerproperties, acids in polymeric or macromolecular form can be employed,for example, poly(acrylic acids) and resin oligomers containing acidgroup(s), because the acids become part of the living polymer structure,either through co-polymerization or hybridization, when thepolymerization reaction completed. Specific acid-containing moleculesinclude aliphatic or aromatic polymerizable resin monomers or oligomers.Poly(acrylic acids) can be in liquid or solid, specifically powder formand can have a weight average molecular weight ranging from 1000 to1,000,000, specifically 50,000 to 500,000. Poly(acrylic acids) arecommercially available from a variety of sources including Evonik underthe trademark Degacryl.®

These polymerizable monomers or oligomers can comprise at least one acidor acid-precursor functional group, such as a carboxylic acid,carboxylic acid anhydride, acyl halide, sulfonic acid, sulfonyl halide,sulfonic anhydride, sulfinic acid, sulfinyl halide, sulfinic anhydride,phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid derivative, phosphonic acid, andphosphonic acid derivative, and combinations thereof. Additionally, thepolymerizable monomers or oligomers can comprise at least onepolymerizable unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, such as an alkene oralkyne functional group.

Suitable organic compounds that are water soluble or partially watersoluble and that, in the presence of an acid, can be ionized to releaseradical ions, include phenylglycine and derivative or analogue compoundshaving the following representative structure:R¹C₆H₄NR²CH₂COO⁻M⁺  (1)

wherein R¹ is hydrogen or an alkyl group; R² is hydrogen or an alkylgroup, which alkyl group can contain a substituent or a functional groupselected from vinyl, acrylate, or methacrylate. The M⁺ stands for acation such as mono-positively charged metal cation or the equivalent ofa multi-positively charged metal cation necessary to compensate electriccharges. Common cations are those of sodium, lithium, potassium,calcium, and magnesium, and the like. Specific compounds are the salts(for example, of alkali or alkaline earth metals) of the additionreaction product of N(p-tolyl)glycine and glycidyl methacrylate(NTG-GMA); and the adduct of N-phenylglycine and glycidyl methacrylate(NPG-GMA). More specifically, the organic compound is the sodium ormagnesium salt of NTG-GMA and/or an organosulfur compound represented bythe following structure:R—S(O)_(n)—O⁻M⁺  (2)

wherein n=0, 1, or 2; R denotes an organic radical such as a substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group; M⁺ independently can be as definedabove, specifically M⁺ stands for a cation such as a mono-positivelycharged metal cation or the equivalent of a multi-positively chargedmetal cation necessary to compensate for electric charges. Cations ofsodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, or the like arecommon. Specific organosulfur compounds are alkali salts ofphenyl-sulfonic and sulfinic acids. If M⁺ and R occur more than once inorganic compounds used in a composition, they can denote differentcations or groups, respectively.

In the above structure (2), suitable alkyls are straight-chain orbranched C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups which can optionally be substituted.Specifically, the alkyl group is a C₁-C₄ alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl, morespecifically a methyl group. Substituents other than hydrogen can beused in these radicals, for example halogens such as fluorine, chlorine,bromine or iodine, oxygen-containing substituents such as oxy, alkoxyand/or hydroxy radicals, and/or nitrogen-containing substituents such asamino and/or imino radicals. Specifically, hydroxy or amino and iminoradicals can be used, more specifically, a 1-hydroxyalkyl radical, inparticular a 1-hydroxyethyl or 1-hydroxymethyl radical (R═CH₃—CH(OH)— orHO—CH₂—) or an amino/imino methyl radical (R═H₂N—(HN)C—) or condensationproducts of the hydroxyalkyl radicals with ammonia (R═H₂N—CHR′—,M⁺⁻O—(O)S—CHR′—NH—CHR′— or [M⁺—O—(O)S—CHR′]₂N—CHR′—), wherein R′ can be,for example, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₆-C₉ arylgroup.

In the above structure (2), suitable aryls are aromatic radicalscontaining at least six carbon atoms, which are optionally substituted,specifically substituted or unsubstituted phenyl groups such as abenzene or toluene group. Substituents other than hydrogen can be usedin these radicals, for example halogens such as fluorine, chlorine,bromine or iodine, oxygen-containing substituents such as alkoxy and/orhydroxy radicals and/or nitrogen-containing substituents such as(alkyl)amino radicals.

At least 0.2% by weight of the organic compound (1) and/or (2) can bepresent in one part of a kit or system, using one or combined organiccompounds that are water soluble or partially water soluble and that, inthe presence of an acid, can be ionized to release radical ions as theinitiator component in order to have a meaningful living polymerizationeffect and a reasonable polymerization time and living polymerproperties.

The compositions, specifically Part A and/or Part B, can furthercomprise at least one filler known in the art, for example a filler usedin dental restorative materials. Generally, the filler can be added inan amount of up to about ninety-five percent by weight of each Part in atwo-component or two-part system. Suitable fillers are those capable ofbeing covalently bonded to the polymeric matrix that is formed from theresin itself or to a coupling agent that is covalently bonded to both.Examples of suitable filling materials include but are not limited tothose known in the art such as mineral clay particulates, silica,silicate glass, quartz, barium silicate, barium sulfate, bariummethacrylate, zirconium methacrylate, strontium silicate, bariumborosilicate, strontium borosilicate, borosilicate, lithium silicate,amorphous silica, calcium phosphates such as calcium hydroxyapatite andamorphous calcium phosphate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, alumina,zirconia, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, zinc oxide and titania.Particularly suitable fillers for dental filling-type materials, forexample, prepared in accordance with this invention are those having aparticle size ranging from about 0.1-10.0 microns with a silicatecolloid of 0.001 to about 0.10 microns and prepared by a series ofmilling steps comprising wet milling in an aqueous medium, surface etchmilling and silanizing milling in a silane solution. Some of theaforementioned inorganic filling materials are disclosed incommonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,544,359 and 4,547,531 to Waknine, thepertinent portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.Suitable organic filler materials are known in the art, including forexample the poly(methacrylate) fillers described in U.S. Pat. No.3,715,331 to Molnar. A mixture of organic and inorganic filler materialscan also be used.

Fillers capable of being bonded to molecules containing an acid groupthrough ionic bonding can also be used in the compositions. Examples ofsuch fillers are well known in dentistry, which are acid-reactivefillers based on the fluoroaluminosilicate (FAS) glass fillers. They arealso called glass ionomer cement fillers (GI filler). In addition to theFAS glass fillers, other acid-reactive fillers can also be used,including metallic oxides and hydroxides, such as zinc oxide, calciumoxide and calcium hydroxide. Acid-reactive fillers, as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 7,090,722, are also suitable. If the composition is intendedfor dental or medical uses, fillers having mineralization or therapeuticeffects may also be incorporated in the composition. Examples of thosefillers are well known in the art, such as bioactive materials includingany substance or metabolic precursor thereof, which is capable ofpromoting growth and survival of cells, tissues, and bone. Suitable bonegrowth promoting substances include but are not limited to bioglass,Portland cement, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, a substancehaving a phosphate to calcium ratio similar to natural bone, calciumhydroxide, or other suitable calcium-containing compounds, and the like.Some of these afore-mentioned calcium-containing fillers by themselvesmay be a base in nature, which are reactive to the acid. A bone growthpromoting substance can be in the form of a particulate or fiber fillerin nano, micro or macro form, or mixtures thereof, bone chips, bonecrystals or mineral fractions of bone and/or teeth, a synthetichydroxyapatite, or other suitable form.

In one embodiment, a paste-paste two-part system comprise a first partin which the acid reactive filler(s) is kept in the part where theorganic compound is present (which organic compound is water soluble orpartially water soluble, and, in the presence of an acid, can be ionizedor solvated to release radical ion and non-acid or acid-group containingresin part (Base) and a second part in which the acid non-reactivefiller(s) is contained in the acid or acid-group containing resin part(Catalyst). Of course, additional non-reactive fillers can also beincorporated into any part of the paste-paste self-curable two-partcompositions in order to modify the properties, such as viscosity andhandling.

Additional components can also be added to the two-part systems, to eachpart, or to one part only. Additives can include, but are not limitedto, second polymerization initiators such as photoinitiators and/orredox initiators, polymerization inhibitors, stabilizers, UV absorbers,radiopaque materials, fluorescent agents and therapeutic agents. Thesecond redox initiator can be chosen from a conventional system such as,but not limited to, a benzoyl peroxide/amine system,hydroperoxide/thiourea system and (thio)barbitoric acid compound/copperor iron halide system. The amount of addition, however, should beformulated so not to be a primary factor in the initiation reaction,rather having a synergetic effect to accelerate the reaction.Specifically, peroxide initiators and/or photoinitiators can beessentially absent from the two-part system.

Examples of inhibitors can include, but are not limited to, butylatedhydroxytoluene, hydroquinone, benzoquinone, phenol, and the like. Apreferred polymerization inhibitor is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylephenol(BHT). The inhibitor can be used to scavenge small amounts of freeradicals during storage and to improve the shelf stability of thepolymerizable system. More than one inhibitor can be used in the systemof the invention. For example, in a two-paste system, both the catalystpaste and the base paste can contain a polymerization inhibitor. Thepolymerization inhibitor can be specifically present in an amount up toabout 2% by weight, more specifically from about 0.001% to about 1% byweight.

While not intending to be bound with theory, the speculation for themechanism of the discovered bulk living polymerization process followsan anionic vinyl polymerization reaction. The acid presence in thereaction system may serve as a catalyst, which may offer a polar systemand give an environment of ionization or solvation of the organiccompound initiator which is water soluble or partially water soluble. Inthe presence of an acid, the organic compound initiator may be ionizedor solvated and therefore able to offer radical ion groups and getactivated. Contrarily to the common knowledge that radicals or radicalions are short lived species during a polymerization process, theradical ions in the present living polymerization system are somehowlonger lived. According to the ionic polymerization theory by M. P.Stevens (Section 7.3 Anionic Polymerization, Chapter 7, PolymerChemistry—An Introduction; Third Addition, 1999 by Oxford UniversityPress, Inc.), the mechanism of anionic polymerization may involve simpleaddition of anion to the vinyl group (it is the (meth)acrylate group(s)in this case); or the initiation may be brought about by charge transferby the free alkali metals or by addition complexes of alkali metals andunsaturated or aromatic compounds. According to Stevens, living anionicpolymers can be made when the polymerization temperature is kept low(about −78° C. in most instances) and the reactions are usuallyconducted in a solvent system. A redox reaction and/or free radicalinduced polymerization of the current inventive system, on the otherhand, is also possible.

The termination of the living polymerization of the inventivepolymerizable composition can be achieved through applying an externalenergy such as visible light radiation, heating, etc. during or afterthe polymerization or surface interruption, contamination, and/ormechanical polishing after the polymerization.

The kit or method of the present invention can have wide utility. In oneembodiment, the kit and polymerizable resin system is used to providesolid supportive matter for a biological substance. The biologicalsubstance can be a bone and tooth structure. Specifically, thepolymerizable resin system is a dental composition for use as a cementor restorative filling material, a bonding agent, a restorativecomposite, a root canal sealant, base liner, or a pulp capping agent.

In another embodiment, the kit and polymerizable resin system is used toprovide solid supportive matter for a non-biological substance. Thenon-biological substance can be selected from the group consisting ofwood, polymer, glass, ceramic, metal or metal alloy, stone, concrete,and composite materials comprising at least two of the foregoingsubstances.

The method can comprise using the polymerizable resin system to fill aspace by packing and condensing actions during the working period ofintermediate stage polymerization. The polymerizable resin system can beadvantageously used in situ. For example, the mixture of Part A and PartB can be injected into a tooth cavity as a restorative material that isallowed to firm up to reach the working period (the intermediate stageof living polymerization), wherein a dentist is able to use a dentalinstrument to pack, shape, adapt or condense the restorative materialinto the cavity for at least 30 seconds before it reaches the set state.

In another embodiment, the polymerizable resin system can be used toform a pre-made polymeric article (object) having a living-polymersurface that is delivered to another location for use in filling a spaceor for placement in a predetermined site. The pre-made polymeric objectcan be glued into the predetermined site using an ethylenicallyunsaturated polymerizable adhesive composition that is polymerizable bycontact with a polymer surface of the polymeric article in order tosecure the pre-made polymeric article in the predetermined site. Forexample, the pre-made polymeric article can be a dental crown or bridge,an inlay/onlay, or a root canal point or post. Root canal points andposts are usually pre-made by a dental device manufacturer andsubsequently used to restore a damaged tooth.

Following are illustrative examples of the living polymerization andcompositions comprising living polymers formed therefrom.

EXAMPLES

Abbreviations of the materials used in the examples and theirdescriptions are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Abbreviations Material's full name and description EGMPAEthylene Glycol Phosphate Methacrylate or HEMA Phosphate CD9038 HighlyEthoxylated Bisphenol A Diacrylate Esters from Sartomer Co. CN972 Anaromatic urethane acrylate from Sartomer Co. UDMA UrethaneDimethacrylate GDMA Glycol Dimethacrylate TEGDMA TriethyleneglycolDimethacrylate BisGMA Bisphenol A Glycidyl Methacrylate HDDMA1,6-Hexanediol Dimethacrylate HEMA Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate 4-META4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride or 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid Epoxy 06 A cycloaliphatic epoxide resin, available fromSynasia, NJ PAA powder Polyacrylic acid, M_(w) = 450,000 (powder),available from Sigma-Aldrich PAA liquid An aqueous solution ofpolyacrylic acid copolymer containing about 40% solid, Degacryl ® 4997L,available from Evonik Industries, Germany. GI filler An average of about4 micron particle sized acid reactive glass ionomer filler, SP2034, ®available from Specialty Glass, Inc., Fl. Barium Glass A silane surfacetreated barium-boron-silicate dental glass filler with particle fillersize of about 2.0 microns, V-119-4120, ® available from Esstech Inc.,Pa. PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate) powder Na•BSA Sodium salt,benzenesulfinic acid, 98% purity Li•p-TSA Lithium salt,p-toluenesulfinic acid, 98% purity Na•p-TSA Sodium salt,p-toluenesulfinic acid, 98% purity NTG-GMA•Na Surface Active Monomers,NTG-GMA, Sodium Salt, from Esstech Inc. NTG-GMA•Mg Surface ActiveMonomers, NTG-GMA, Magnesium Salt, from Esstech Inc. BPO BenzoylPeroxide DHEPT N-N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-P-toluidine EDMABEthyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate CQ Camphorquinone BHT3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene

To illustrate polymerization/curing using the two-part self-curablecompositions, wherein living polymer and/or composite formation wasobtained through a polymerization process using a polymerizationinitiation system comprising an organic compound (that is water solubleor partially water soluble and that, in the presence of an acid, can beionized or solvated to release radical ion groups) and an acid oracid-containing compound for the polymerization of an ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer and/or oligomer, a resin composition is firstpremixed per the formula as indicated in Table 2 in the followingExamples 1 to 11. Then the organic compound is either used as is orpremixed into a solution or dispersion or the like and mixed with theanother part of the resin composition in the ratio as indicated using adental spatula or mixing tip in a dental mixing well right beforeobservation of the living polymer formation.

TABLE 2 Base Part Catalyst Part (Parts per hundred by Example (Parts perhundred by wt. when compounded No. weight) into a formula) HardeningTime Example 1 4-META (10.3) BisGMA (10.6) 10 minutes UDMA (13.7) UDMA(10.6) HEMA (5.1) HDDMA (10.8) TEGDMA (5.1) Silane treated CQ (0.1)Barium glass filler (65) EDMAB (0.2) NTG-GMA•Na (3) BHT (0.01) Silanetreated Barium Glass filler (65.4) Example 2 PAA liquid HEMA (90) 10minutes NTG-GMA•Na (10) Example 3 PAA liquid HEMA (19) 15 minutesNTG-GMA•Na (2) CN972 (12) GI Filler (67) Example 4 PAA (M_(w) = 450,000)The same part from 20 minutes (powder form) Example 2 Example 5 The samepart from The same part from 10 minutes Example 1 Example 2 Example 6The same part from NTG-GMA•Na NA Example 1 Example 7 PAA liquid (27.0)GDMA (13.6) 30 minutes HEMA (7.0) UDMA (11.56) Silane surface treatedTEGDMA (2.04) barium glass filler (66.0) Li•p-TSA (3.0) GI filler (69.8)Example 8 PAA liquid (72.0) GDMA (47.8) Overnight HEMA (20.0 UDMA(41.8)) EGMPA (8.0) TEGDMA (7.0) Na•BSA (3.4) Comparative CD9038 (97.1)N-phenyl glycine Not cured Example 9 EGMPA (2.9) (NPG) Comparative HEMA(95.1) Li•p-TSA Not cured Example 10 EGMPA (4.9) Comparative HEMA (95.1)Na•BSA Not Cured Example 11 EGMPA (4.9)

Example 1

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing resin 4-META was mixedwith a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 1. A livingpolymer formed when mixing the two parts. The Catalyst Part, however,also contains photointiators so that the mixture is can be light curablewhen radiated by external light source. The Catalyst Part and the BasePart were mixed in a 1:1 ratio by volume and reaction occurred at roomtemperature. After mixing the two parts, the mixture was placed betweentwo glass slides sitting in the dark. The composition hardened in about10 minutes and presented no visually seen residue monomer on its surfaceafter separating the top slide. If the mixture is left in the mixingwell but the top is open to air, however, the bottom part hardens, butthere is a thick uncured layer present at the top even after 24 hours.Covering the uncured surface thereafter with a glass slide (directlycontacting the material), the oxygen inhibited resin layer continues thecure and forms a hard and dried surface again in about 20 minutes.

Example 2

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing polymer PAA was mixed witha Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained the componentsand amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 2. The salt of theorganic compound NTG-GMA.Na in the Base Part was completely dissolvablein the HEMA. The parts were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and the resultingcomposition was cured, between two glass slides, to a rubbery andflexible copolymer in about 10 minutes.

Example 3

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing polymer PAA was mixed witha Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained the componentsand amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 3. Upon mixing theparts in a 1:1 ratio, the viscosity of the mix increased greatly, inless than 2 minutes, and formed a sticky gel with a dried surface; whichthen cured to a hard solid in about 15 minutes. This exampledemonstrated a “living” resin modified glass ionomer composition (RMGI).

Example 4

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing polymer PAA in powder formwas mixed with a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part containedthe components and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 4. Uponmixing the powder and liquid, the acrylic acid appeared not to dissolveinto the resin mix and maintained the solid form. Yet, the mix stillhardened in about 20 minutes in the mixing well, leaving the bottom partmore rigid (which showed more white powder within) and the top portionhaving a more soft feel.

Example 5

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing resin 4-META was mixedwith a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 5. A 1:1 mixof the two parts, when placed between two glass slides, cured into ahard composite in about 10 minutes.

Example 6

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing resin 4-META was mixedwith a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 6. Mixing asmall amount of the NTG-GMA.Na powder into the polymerizable compositecomposition (about 0.3% by weight) and placing the mix between two glassslides sitting in dark, the composition cured completely into a hard andrigid composite sheet with a dry surface.

Example 7

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing PAA liquid was mixed witha Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained the componentsand amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 7. After 1:1 mixing ofthe two pastes by volume, the composition was used to fill a 3-mmdiameter and 3-mm depth cylindrical cavity. The RMGI filling hardened inabout 30 minutes and was surface dry.

Example 8

A Catalyst Part containing an acid-containing PPA liquid was mixed witha Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained the componentsand amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Example 8. The parts were mixedin a 1:1 ratio by volume in a dental mixing well. The viscosity increasewas noticeable at 20 minutes. A viscosity increase was apparent in thebottom portion at a 50-minutes check. Placing some “uncured” topliquideous mixture between two glass slides and leaving it on a bench,the resin cured between two glass slides by the next day and was surfacedry when removing the top glass cover.

Comparative Example 9

For comparison, a Catalyst Part containing EPMPA acid monomer was mixedwith a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Comparative Example9. About 0.013 grams of NPG was mixed into 0.4 grams of the Resin Part(about 3.1% by weight of the NPG initiator concentration) and thecomposition was placed between two sets of glass slides. One set wasplaced on a bench at room temperature; the other set was placed in anoven at 54° C. In the following several hours, no apparent viscositychange was observed for the resin systems. After overnight sitting,however, some viscosity increase could be detected, with a viscosityincrease in the set from the oven being more apparent. Thus, it appearedthat the N-phenyl glycine compound alone is not as effective as its saltform.

Comparative Example 10

For comparison, a Catalyst Part containing EPMPA acid monomer was mixedwith a Base Part, which non-Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Comparative Example10. About 0.02 grams of the lithium salt of the organic compoundLi.p-TSA was mixed into 1 gram of the Catalyst Resin part (which BasePart had about 0.2% by weight of the Li.p-TSA). Nothing appeared tohappen after mixing the two parts, and the mixture remained a liquideven after several days.

Comparative Example 11

For comparison, a Catalyst Part containing EPMPA acid monomer was mixedwith a Base Part, which Catalyst Part and Base Part contained thecomponents and amounts thereof shown in Table 2 for Comparative Example11. About 0.02 grams of the sodium salt Na.BSA was mixed into 1 gram ofthe Catalyst Part (which Base Part had about 0.2% by weight of theNa.BSA). Nothing appeared to happen after mixing the two parts, and themixture remained a liquid even after several days.

Discussion: While Examples 1-10 have demonstrated that the organiccompound that is at least partially water soluble and that, in thepresence of an acid (that can be ionized or solvated to release radicalion groups) can be used in bulk polymerization as a part of theinitiator system, the system required a certain concentration level ofthe salt in order to obtain effectiveness for starting thepolymerization within a relatively short period of time.

Comparative Example 9 showed that when using a plain N-phenyl Glycinecompound as part of the initiation system other than the disclosedderivative compounds the polymerization reaction was much slower or weakfor the same or similar experimental conditions, which is not desirablefrom a practical view point. Based on Comparative Examples 10 and 11, itappears that when the salt of an organosulfur compound in thepolymerizable composition is at a level of about 0.2% by weight or less,the organosulfur compound was not effective under the conditions testedfor the initiation of the polymerization, or at least the polymerizationdid not occur within a reasonable time period. Therefore, it wasdesirable to have the initiator level in the polymerizable compositionbeing about 0.2% by weight or greater in one side of the polymerizablesystem, specifically greater than 0.3% by weight, and most specificallygreater than 0.5% by weight.

Examples 12-17

In the following Examples 12-17 the formation of living polymer showing“living” properties is illustrated. Taking some of thepolymers/composites formed from previous examples, additional resincompositions were applied onto living polymer surfaces in order toobserve the “living” property. These sequential additions ofpolymerizable resin compositions are in general inactive and will notproduce polymerization reactions by themselves under normal storageconditions. If the composition is a light-curable formula, thecomposition will remain inactive as long as there is no light radiationexposure. The “living” nature of the living polymers/composites from theprevious examples was surprisingly active with respect to additionalresin layers not just once, but twice or even a multiples number oftimes in some cases. In order to more effectively obtain a cured surface(dry surface) of a living polymer, the polymerization reaction can beconducted under oxygen-free or anaerobic conditions.

TABLE 3 Example First Layer with Composition of No. Living polymersSequential Resin Layer Polymerization time Example The living Firstlayer addition: 15 minutes 12A polymers from CD9038 with 2.9% Example 5EGMPA Example Composite of Second layer addition: 2 hours 12B Example12A (The catalyst side of the Example 2) 4-META (10.3) UDMA (13.7) HEMA(5.1) TEGDMA (5.1) CQ (0.1) EDMAB (0.2) BHT (0.01) Silane treated BariumGlass filler (65.4) Example Composite of Third layer addition: 30minutes 12C Example 12B HEMA (19) NTG-GMA Na Salt (2) CN972 (12) GIFiller (67) Example The living polymer First layer addition: 30 minutes13 from Example 1 4-META (19.2) BisGMA (3.2) HEMA (9.6) BPO (2.7) BHT(0.2) Barium Glass filler (65.4) Example The living First resinaddition: 10 minutes 14A composite from The resin composition Example 5of the Catalyst Part used Example 5 Example The composite of Secondresin addition: 15 minutes 14B Example 14A EGMPA resin as is Example Theliving First layer resin Overnight check 15A composition of addition:Example 6 CD9038 with 2.9% EGMPA Example Composite of Second resinaddition: 15B Example 15A UDMA, TEGDMA and Overnight checkBis(GDM)phosphate with CQ photo-initiator system Example The livingFirst resin addition: Overnight check 16A composition of CD9038 with2.9% Example 8 EGMPA Example Composite of Second resin addition: Nextday check 16B Example 16A Same CD9038 with 2.9% EGMPA resin mixComparative Catalyst and Base First resin addition: No reaction (Notcurable) Example of Example 2 of US CD9038 containing 17A U.S. Pat. No.2.9% EGMPA 7,906,564 (to Jia et al.) Comparative Composite 17A Secondresin addition: No reaction (Not curable) Example EGMPA 17B

Example 12A

In Example 12A, the polymeric material formed from previous Example 5was used for applying a first and second layer of an additional resincompositions having the components and amounts thereof shown for Example12 in Table 3. A drop of the first layer resin mix was placed onto thesurface of the “living polymer” of Example 5 and then covered with aglass slide contacting the resin composition. In about 5 minutes,resistance could be felt when moving the top glass slide. In about 15minutes, this additional layer cured completely. The cured surface was“dry” after removing the top glass slide.

Example 12B

The next day, another layer of resin was applied onto the cured surfaceof the composite of Example 12A and covered with a glass slide. Theassembly was placed in dark to prevent light curing. The compositecomposition was again polymerized after about two hours.

Example 12C

After three days sitting on a bench, addition of a third resin layeraddition was applied onto the previously cured second layer surface ofthe composite of Example 12B and covered with a glass slide. After about30 minutes, the composition was hardened again, although it appearedthat it was lacking adherence to the second layer of the composite.

Example 13A

In Example 13A, the polymeric material formed from previous Example 1was used for applying a layer of additional resin composition having thecomponents and amounts thereof shown for Example 13A in Table 3. A dropof resin composition was placed onto the surface of the “living polymer”of Example 1 and then covered with a glass slide contacting the resincomposition. The composite was polymerized in about 30 minutes, eventhough the additional resin composition also contained BPO, a freeradial polymerization initiator.

Example 14A

In Example 14A, the polymeric material formed from previous Example 6was used for applying a layer of additional resin composition having thecomponents and amounts thereof shown for Example 14A in Table 3. A dropof the resin composition without NTG-GMA.Na was placed on top of thecured composite surface, covered with a glass slide and placed in thedark. In about 10 minutes, the additional resin layer was cured, leavingthe cured composite layer intact on the living composite surface afterremoving the covering glass;

Example 14B

In Example 14B, the polymeric composite formed from previous Example 14Awas used for applying a second layer of additional resin compositionhaving the components and amounts thereof that is shown for Example 14Bin Table 3. A small drop of EGMPA resin was placed directly on the curedliving composite surface of the previous layer, was covered again with aglass slide, and was allowed to cure. In about 15 minutes, the EGMPAresin hardened and it remain intact on the first additional layer of theliving composite when removing the glass slide.

Example 15A

In Example 15A, the polymeric material formed from previous Example 7was used for applying an additional layer of resin composition havingthe components and amounts thereof shown for Example 15A in Table 3. Onthe previously cured RMGI cylindrical filling top, a drop of the resinmix was added and covered with a glass slide. The additional resin layerwas found cured in an overnight check.

Example 15B

In Example 15B, the polymeric composite formed from previous Example 15Awas used for applying a second layer of additional resin compositionhaving the components and amounts thereof that is shown for Example 15Bin Table 3. After removing the cover glass from the cured resin layersurface of the composite of Example 15A, a second resin layer was addedonto the cured resin surface again, covered with a glass slide, andplaced in the dark. The resin was found cured after sitting overnight.

Example 16A

In Example 16A, the polymeric material formed from previous Example 8was used for applying a layer of additional resin composition having thecomponents and amounts thereof shown for Example 16A in Table 3. Afterremoving the top cover glass from the cured resin film surface, a dropof the first layer resin was added and covered by the glass again. In anovernight check, the resin addition was found cured, leaving a“wet”-free surface when removing the top glass cover.

Example 16B

In Example 16B, the polymeric composite formed from previous Example 16Awas used for applying a second layer of additional resin compositionhaving the components and amounts thereof that is shown for Example 16Bin Table 3. Another layer of resin was added onto the previously curedsolid surface and covered with the glass cover. The resin had once againfound cured on checking the next day.

Comparative Example 17A

In Comparative Example 17A, a self-cured dental composite material ofconventional free radical polymerization (through the redox reaction ofBPO and DHEPT) by mixing of the Catalyst Part and Base Part of Example 2of U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,564 (to Jia et al.). After adding a drop of thepolymerizable resin onto the self-cured composite surface and coveringwith a glass slide, the resin underneath was found to be still liquid,and the glass slide was freely removable even after two days, indicatingthat the resin addition did not go through polymerization;

Comparative Example 17B

In Comparative Example 17B, a second layer of additional resincomposition having the components and amounts thereof that is shown forExample 16B in Table 3 was added to the composite of Example 17A. As inComparative Example 17A, again no reaction was observed.

Discussion: Based on Examples 12-17, the “living” nature of the livingpolymers/composites, using resin systems of previous examples, was foundto be surprisingly active for not just one additional resin layer, buttwice or even multiples layers in some cases.

Examples 18-23

Testing: A pocket sized “Geotester” penetrometer (available from anonline company “CertifiedMaterialTestingProducts.com”) was used formeasuring the cohesiveness of the resin material during the process ofthe living polymerization. This device was initially designed for usewith soil. It can give an estimated unconfined compressive strengthdirectly in kg/cm² when used with the standard ¼ inch diameter plunger.When in testing, the plunger is pressed into the curing composition tothe calibration notch (which is about 6 mm from the plunger end). Themaximum value is retained on the dial until released by a push button.The inner dial scale is 0-6.0×0.1 divisions in kg/cm². The outer scalegives shear strength over 0-11 kg range×0.1 kg divisions, and thisreading is used with charts provided to estimate bearing pressuresdepending on plunger used and soil type. Three reading were taken ateach reading time and report the average number in the table below.

The testing samples were prepared by mixing enough 1:1 by volume of theCatalyst and Base parts of the polymerizable composition as the tablebelow indicated on a mixing paper or a mixing container using a dentalspatula first. While the mixture is still in fluid and soft state (afterabout 30 seconds mixing time), transfer the mixture into a cylindricalplastic mold having an inner diameter of one inch and height of 0.75inches and level the material with the top of the mold and cover it witha glass slab to form an oxygen barrier to the curing material. When intesting, the cover glass is removed and the testing material is exposed.Then, the plunger of the penetrometer tester was applied by pushing downto the polymerizing material surface to the calibrated mark on theplunger at certain intervals to give a reading in kg/cm² to show thecohesiveness nature at that time period of the polymerization. Whenremoving the penetrometer tester plunger from the test materials'surface, the poked dents are repacked or smoothed out with a dentalspatula to achieve a leveled surface again until the next test period.

Based on the experimental observation, when the test material isliquideous or soft, which may mean it has not polymerized or in theearly stage of polymerization, the penetrometer reading is usually lowor zero depending on the test material composition. The cohesiveness ofthe polymerizing compound increases with the degree of thepolymerization. Therefore, a higher penetrometer reading could beobtained when the polymerization started. Once the polymerizationreaches a maturing state, the Geo penetrometer tester would not be ableto give meaningful reading, as the plunger of the tester will not beable to penetration into the polymerized mass. From a practical aspect,it was observed that when the penetrometer gives a reading of 2.0 kg/cm²or more, the penetration of the tester plunger into the curingcomposition to the calibrated mark on the plunger is very difficult andthe hand pushing action has reached a point of being very stressful. Theplunger then may not be able to reach the calibration mark and may onlyshow an incomplete circular dent on the material surface. That isusually an indication of the polymerizing material being at the maturingpoint or approaching to the maturing point of the polymerizationprocess. For the reading number of about 0.8-1.5 kg/cm², the materialhas the proper resistance to packing and condensing action with theleast stickiness and messiness of the material. Of course, deviations inthe reading values of using the penetrometer may be present fordifferent composition make-ups. Therefore, the suggested valuespresented here should not be deemed as a “standard”. Nevertheless, witha conventional redox reaction induced polymerization, such as a benzoylperoxide/amine system, because of the curing rate usually being fast andthe cohesiveness of the polymerizing resins increased abruptly, thestage when the curing mass is in a “manipulatable” state is usually veryshort and is less than 30 seconds.

The compressive strength test samples were 4 mm diameter and 6 mm inheight. Samples were prepared by mixing 1:1 (volume) of thecorresponding Catalyst and Base using a dental plastic spatula for 30seconds before filling the mixture into the cylindrical TEFLON mold.Five samples for each test group were prepared. For Compressive Strength1 samples, the materials were filled into the molds right away withoutfurther manipulation. For Compressive Strength 2 samples, after thematerials mixing, it is waited until the material reaches the“intermediate stage of living polymerization” and then is filled intothe molds using packing and condensing actions. The top and bottom ofthe mold were then covered by two glass slides and tightened with asmall size “C” clamp after the filling done for one hour before placingthe samples within the mold but with the clamp removed into water andplacing in 37° C. oven for 24 hours before the crushing test. At 24hours, the samples were separated from the mold and then compressiontested by using a universal testing machine, Admet eXert® 5603 (AdmetInc., MA), with a cross-head speed of 0.75 mm/minute. The results of theaverage with standard deviation were calculated and reported by themachine for each test group as listed in the table below.

As can be seen by the results below, the packing and condensing actionsduring the “intermediate stage of living polymerization” appears willnot interfere with the mechanical properties of the materials tested.Rather, it can actually help to improve the properties. In particular,the increase of the compressive strengths for the condensed test samplesvs. the regular prepared samples indicates that the condensing actionduring the “intermediate stage of living polymerization” makes the testsample denser or less voids within. Therefore, less defects are formedin the samples.

Examples 18-20

The following Examples 18-20 demonstrated the presence of the extended“working” periods (the “intermediate stage of living polymerization”)for the present two-part self-curable compositions after the livingpolymerization had started. Table 4 below lists the compositionalformula for each Catalyst and Base Part of the cure system. All theingredient contents are in parts per hundred (percentages by weight) inthe formulas unless otherwise stated.

TABLE 4 Example 18 Example 18 Example 19 Example 19 Example 20 Example20 Components Catalyst Base Catalyst Base Catalyst Base PAA liquid 24.7HEMA 13.3 7.8 2.5 GDMA 17.5 3.7 11.3 5.0 8.6 UDMA 14.8 3.3 9.8 3.5 7.3TEGDMA 2.7 0.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 HEMA-Phosphate 2.6 3.7 4-META 17.6 17.2 Water3.0 Epoxy 06 17.4 EDMAB 0.3 CQ 0.1 Barium Glass 62 61.6 61.6 60.2 FillerGl filler 72.3 Ca₃(PO4)₂ 64.0 Zinc Oxide 2.0 Amorphous 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.4silica NTG-GMA. Mg 0.8 Na. BSA 2.5 Li. p-TSA 1.0 Yellow iron ≦0.02 oxidepigment Yellow 8087 Consistency of Dough/putty Dough/putty Soft and Softand Flowable Flowable the formed Pastes consistency consistency creamypaste creamy paste paste paste Cohesiveness 0.6 kg/cm² 0.45 kg/cm² 0 0 00 Readings

Example 18

In Example 18 of Table 4, the Catalyst and Base was mixed for 60 secondsin a ratio of 1:1 by volume, before transferring the mix to a test mold.As evident by the results in Table 5 below, after 23 hours overnight thepenetrometer reading was 2.0 kg/cm² and the surface of the mold was notpenetrable by the plunger to the mark, which only left a dent frompressing the plunger. Based on these results, it can be concluded thatthe formulation of Example 18 exhibited a long “intermediate stage ofliving polymerization” that was at least about two hours long.

Furthermore, polymerization of an additional resin layer on the curedsurface, 24 hours after the penetrometer test was completed, obtained acured composite, wherein the additional resin layer consisted of CD9038containing 2.9% EGMPA, wherein the hardened composite was curedanaerobically. The product showed satisfactory compressive strength, asshown by the results in Table 5.

Example 19

In Example 19 of Table 4, the Catalyst and Base was mixed for 30 secondsin a ratio of 1:1 by volume, before transferring the mix to a test mold.As evident by the results in Table 5 below, after 6.0 to 6.5 minutes themixture obtained a penetrometer reading of >2.0 kg/cm², and the surfacewas no longer penetrable to the calibration mark, only leaving a dentfrom plunger pressing. Thus, this example 19 showed a relatively shortpresence of the “intermediate stage of living polymerization” that wasabout one minute.

Polymerization of an additional resin layer on the cured surface, 24hours after the penetrometer test was completed, obtained a curedcomposite, wherein the additional resin layer consisted of CD9038containing 2.9% EGMPA, producing a hardened composite that curedanaerobically. Furthermore, the product showed excellent compressivestrength, as shown by the results in Table 5.

Example 20

In Example 20 of Table 4, six grams of each of the Catalyst and Base wasmixed together for 30 seconds before transferring the mix to a testmold. As evident by the results in Table 5 below, after one hour 15minutes from the start the surface was no longer penetrable to thecalibration mark. Thus, the epoxy-containing composition of Example 20showed the presence of an “intermediate stage of living polymerization”that was about twenty minutes.

In further testing, polymerization of an additional resin layer on thecured surface, 24 hours after the penetrometer test was completed,obtained an anaerobically cured/hardened composite, wherein theadditional resin layer consisted of CD9038 having 2.9% EGMPA. Theproduct showed excellent compressive strength, as shown by the resultsin Table 5.

TABLE 5 Catalyst and Base Catalyst and Base Catalyst and Base of Example18 of Example 19 of Example 20 Testing time Penetrometer readingsPenetrometer readings Penetrometer readings intervals (by range, kg/cm²)(by range, kg/cm²) (by range, kg/cm²) Initial Readings (each 0.45-0.600-0 0-0 paste “as is”) 3.5-4.5 minutes 0.75 0.3-0.8 0 4.5-5.5 minutes0.75 0.8-1.2 0 6.0-6.5 minutes 0.75 >2.0 0 6.5-18 minutes 0.75 — 0 30-45minutes 0.9-1.0 — 0.1-0.4 50-60 minutes — — 0.5-1.5 1 hours-2.5 hours1.0-1.3 — 1.5-2.0 @23 hours/overnight >2.0  — — Self-cured 9.3 (1.1)145.2 (6.9) 134.1 (5.2) Compressive Strength 1* (MPa) Self-cured 9.5(1.3) 159.7 (8.5) 138.6 (4.6) Compressive Strength 2** (MPa) *Thiscompressive strength value was obtained from the test samples withoututilizing the “intermediate stage of living polymerization,” i.e., bothsides of the test materials were mixed and loaded into the mold while itwas just mixed and the immediately clamped to allow self-cure withoutany condensing actions being applied to the materials during the samplepreparation, except for Example 20, which has a putty consistence tobegin with; **This is the compressive strength value from samples thatutilized packing and condensing actions during the “intermediate stageof living polymerization” to fill the material into the mold, followingby clamping to allow further self-cure.

Examples 21-23

Each of the additional Examples 21-23 in Table 6 below furtherdemonstrated the presence of an extended “working period” (an“intermediate stage of living polymerization”) after livingpolymerization had started.

TABLE 6 Example 21 Example 21 Example 22 Example 22 Example 23 Example23 Components Catalyst Base Catalyst Base Catalyst Base PAA liquid 26.58.0 23.3 (about 50% solids) HEMA 6.6 2.0 5.8 GDMA 11.5 10.0 11.5 12.5UDMA 9.75 9.75 10.6 TEGDMA 1.75 1.75 1.9 HEMA-Phosphate 20.0 12.9 EDMAB0.55 CQ 0.04 Barium Glass 66.9 60.0 57.95 70.08 Filler Gl filler 74 74Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 1.8 Zinc Oxide 1.0 1.0 1.4 Amorphous 1.5 1.5 0.5 silicaNTG-GMA. Mg 0.5 0.5 Na. p-TSA 0.62 BHT 0.02 0.01 Yellow iron <0.03 oxidepigment, Yellow 8087 Consistency of Soft and Soft and Flowable FlowableFlowable Flowable the formed Pastes creamy paste creamy paste pastepaste paste paste Cohesiveness 0 0 0 0 0 0 Readings

As described above, a Geotester® penetrometer was used for measuring thecohesiveness of the resin material during the process of the livingpolymerization for the compositions described above for Examples 18-20.The Geotester® readings during the polymerization process, at varioustime frames, as well as the compressive strength with or withoutcondensing/packing actions during the polymerization process are shownin Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 The Catalyst and The Catalyst and The Catalyst and Base ofExample 21 Base of Example 22 Base of Example 23 Testing timePenetrometer readings Penetrometer readings Penetrometer readingsintervals (by range, kg/cm²) (by range, kg/cm²) (by range, kg/cm²)Initial Readings 0-0 0-0 0-0 (each paste as is) 30 seconds-1.5 0.1-0.20  0 minutes 2-3 minutes 0.3-0.4 0.5-0.6 0.2-0.8 3.0-4.0 minutes 0.3-0.51.2-2.2 1.2-1.6 4-5 minutes 0.4-0.5 >2.5 1.7-2.5 5-6 minutes 0.4-0.5Surface hard Surface hard 9-16 minutes 0.7-1.1 — — 17-20 minutes 1.9-2.3— — 30 minutes Set and hard — — Length of the About 5 minutes About 1minute. About 1.5 minutes “intermediate stage of living polymerization”Polymerization Yes Yes Yes of an additional resin layer? Self-cured133.4 (4.5) 164.2 (4.6)  154.3 (14.6) Compressive Strength 1 (MPa)Self-cured 145.0 (5.2) 170.5 (10.8) 172.1 (9.8)  Compressive Strength 2(MPa)

Example 21

The Catalyst and Base Parts of Example 21 in Table 6 was mixed in aratio of 1:1 by volume for 30 seconds before transferring the mix to atest mold. As evident by the results in Table 7, after 3.0-4.0 minutesthe paste had turned into a putty consistency. After 17-20 minutes areading of 1.9-2.3 kg/cm² indicated that the surface was no longerpenetrable to the mark, only leaving a shallow dent at the later stage.After 30 minutes, the material had set, and the surface was no longerpenetrable. Thus, this Example 21 demonstrated a system that had an“intermediate stage of living polymerization” of about 5 minutes.

Furthermore, polymerization of an additional resin layer onto the curedsurface, one hour after the penetrometer test was completed, obtained acured composite. The additional resin layer was the resin CD9038containing 2.9% EGMPA, which was applied on top of the cured/hardenedmixture. The composite cured anaerobically within one hour.

The product showed excellent compressive strength, as shown by theresults in Table 7.

Example 22

The Catalyst and Base Parts of Example 22 in Table 6, in an amount of 5grams of each Part, were mixed together for 30 seconds beforetransferring the mix to a test mold. As evident by the results in Table7, nearing 4 minutes the surface was still penetrable to the calibrationmark, although the cohesiveness reading was higher. After 4 to 5minutes, however, the surface was no longer penetrable to the mark, onlyleaving a shallow dent. After 5 to 6 minutes, the surface was hard.Accordingly, Example 21 demonstrated a system that had an “intermediatestage of living polymerization” of about 5 minutes, a relatively shortpresence of an “intermediate stage of living polymerization.”

In further testing, polymerization of an additional resin layer onto thecured surface, one hour after the penetrometer test was completed,obtained a cured composite. The additional resin layer contained resinCD9038 having 2.9% EGMPA, which was applied on top of the cured/hardenedmixture. The composite cured anaerobically in less than 30 minutes.

The product showed excellent compressive strength, as shown by theresults in Table 7.

Example 23

The Catalyst and Base Parts of Example 23 in Table 6, in an amount of 5grams of each Part, were mixed together for 30 seconds beforetransferring the mix to a test mold. As evident by the results in Table7, after 3 to 4 minutes the surface was penetrable to the calibrationmark. After 4 to 5 minutes, however, the surface was no longerpenetrable to the mark, only leaving a shallow dent or no dent at thelater stage. After 5 to 6 minutes, the surface was hard and no longerdent forming. Thus, this Example 23 demonstrated a system that had an“intermediate stage of living polymerization” of only about 1.5 minutes.

Furthermore, polymerization of an additional resin layer onto the curedsurface, one hour after the penetrometer test was completed, obtained acured composite. The additional resin layer was the resin CD9038containing 2.9% EGMPA, which was applied on top of the cured/hardenedmixture. The composite cured anaerobically in less than 30 minutes.

The product showed excellent compressive strength, as shown by theresults in Table 7.

Comparative Example 24

A self-cured dental composite material of conventional free radicalpolymerization (through the redox reaction of BPO and DHEPT, as well asa salt of sulfinic acid) was obtained by mixing the Catalyst and Base ofExample 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,564 (to Jia et al.). The cohesivenessof the mixture was measured, using the Geotester® instrument andtechnique for testing as described above. The results are shown in Table8 below.

TABLE 8 Time of the cohesiveness Geotester ® measurement Reading(kg/cm²) Initial 0 0.5-2 minutes 0 2.5-3 minutes 0  3.5 minutes 0     4minutes Greater than 2

After 2.5 to 3 minutes, the mixture showed a viscosity increase andgelled, indicating entering into “gel time,” and was sticky. After 3.5minutes, the test plunger penetrated easily through the matrix to reachthe mark; and the indent formed was permanent without registering acohesiveness force. The material surface was then not able to besmoothed level after removing the plunger. After 4 minutes, the materialwas hard like a rock, and no indent could be made.

This comparative example formula utilized a salt of sulfinic acid as oneof the co-redox curing initiators, which promoted a sharp cure for theself-curing reaction. Apparently, due to the co-existence of anexcessive amount of benzoyl peroxide among other ingredients, there wasan absence or lack of an “intermediate stage of living polymerization,”even though the comparative example composition contained anacid-containing 4-META resin, a polymerizable monomer, and a salt ofsulfinic acid. Apparently, the additional active components co-presentin the composition prevented obtaining living properties or terminatedthe living polymerization.

Discussion: The significance of having the “intermediate stage of livingpolymerization,” during which period there is an internal cohesivestress of about 0.5 to about 2.0 kg/cm² for the living polymerizablecompositions, is that during an in situ application of the compositionsone can turn an initially a soft, sticky and flowable material havinglow or zero internal cohesiveness (as measured by using a penetrometer)into a material having putty-like viscosity that has increased internalcohesiveness that becomes non-sticky, moldable, pressable and/orcondensable. This result can facilitate application of the material andrenders the material user friendly, which allows the material to bepackaged and auto-mixed, for example, using Mix-Pac™ dual barrelcartridges, as it is well known in dentistry for packaging and deliveryof dental resin cements.

Accordingly, a dentist or other operator can inject the present materialformed from a kit directly into a tooth cavity and allow it to firm upwithin the cavity to reach the “intermediate stage of livingpolymerization.” The operator can then use a proper dental instrumentcommonly used for high filled resin composites and/or for dental amalgamalloy materials to pack, shape, adapt or condense the restorativematerial, well into the cavity, for at least 30 seconds before itreaches the set state. Furthermore, one could also conduct thepacking/condensing action in conjunction with the restoration surfacefinishing procedure, all together, as in the case of a dental amalgamfilling process, without using any subsequent dental burs or finishinginstruments commonly driven by a dental electric or turbine hand piece.Such practice would be especially suitable for places where electricityis lacking or where standard dental practice is not feasible, forexample, where practice of ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) isnecessary.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a cured solid materialfrom polymerizable resin system comprising: mixing a first Part A and asecond Part B, at least one of which is a paste, that, within 6 hoursafter beginning mixing, obtains a working period of intermediate stagepolymerization providing a manipulative state of cohesivenesscharacterized by a stress unit measurement of 0.5 to 2.0 kg/cm², asmeasured with a penetrometer, which working period lasts for 45 secondsto 24 hours, that allows a predetermined working period for applying themixture; and applying the mixture as an adhesive, cement, glue, sealant,a base liner, a capping agent, a material for surface or structuralrepair and/or filling, an encasing material, a bodily implant, a dentalmaterial, and/or as a polymeric object having a living polymer surfaceproperty before the mixture becomes a cured solid material, wherein thefirst Part A comprises an acid, wherein the acid comprises polyacrylicacid homopolymer or copolymer, 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydrideor 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid; wherein the second Part Bcomprises an organic compound that is water soluble or partially watersoluble and that, in the presence of the acid can be ionized or solvatedto initiate curing of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers oroligomers that is present in Part A, Part B, or both, wherein theorganic compound is a salt of organic acid, an onium compound,protonated amines, and precursors thereof, as well as combinationsthereof ; and wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomersand/or oligomers are chosen from the group consisting of acrylonitrile,acrylamide, (meth)acrylates, aldehydes, butadiene-1,3, ethylene,isoprene, methacrylic esters, methacrylamide, methyl styrene, styrene,vinyl esters, vinylidene chloride, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone, andcombinations thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first Part Aand the second Part B that, within 6 hours after mixing to form a paste,provides a working period of intermediate stage polymerization in whichthe paste obtains a cohesiveness characterized by a stress unitmeasurement of 0.8 to 1.9 kg/cm², as measured with a penetrometer, whichworking period lasts for 1 minute to 2 hours.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the second Part B comprises at least 0.2 wt. % of a salt ofphenylglycine and derivatives thereof represented by the followingstructure (1) or organosulfur compounds represented by the followingstructure (2):R¹C₆H₄NR²CH₂COO⁻M⁺,  (1) wherein R¹ is hydrogen or a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group; C₆H₄ is a phenyl group; R² is a hydrogen or asubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl group optionally comprising afunctional group that is vinyl, acrylate, or methacrylate; M+is a metalcation to compensate electric charges; andR—S(O)_(n)—O⁻X⁺  (2) wherein R is an organic radical; n =0, 1 or 2; andX⁺ is a metal cation to compensate electric charges, or combinations ofcompounds of structures (1) and (2).
 4. The method of claim 3, whereinthe R group in structure (2) is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl or C₆-C₁₂ aryl, wherein substituents are optionally selected fromthe group consisting of halogen, oxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino and/orimino radicals.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first Part A, thesecond Part B, or both, further comprises an inorganic filler in anamount of up to about ninety-five percent by weight of each component.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the acid in first Part A comprisespoly(acrylic acid) homopolymer or a copolymer.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the acid in first Part A comprises 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride or 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the acid comprises poly(acrylic acid) incombination with an acid monomer containing a phosphoric acid group. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the acid monomer is methacrylate monomerhaving a phosphoric acid group.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theone or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and/or oligomers is anacrylate or a methacrylate.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstPart A, the second Part B, or both, further comprises photoinitiatorsand/or redox initiators, polymerization inhibitors, stabilizers, UVabsorbers, radiopaque materials, fluorescent agents and therapeuticagents.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable resin systemformed from admixture of Part A and Part B is a dental composition thatis used as cement or restorative filling material, a bonding agent, arestorative composite, a root canal sealant, base liner, or a pulpcapping agent.
 13. The method of claim 12 further employing thepolymerizable resin system to fill a space by packing and condensingactions during the working period of intermediate stage polymerization.14. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed composition is injected intoa tooth cavity as a restorative material, allowed to firm up to reach anintermediate stage of living polymerization, and a dental instrument isused to pack, shape, adapt or condense the restorative material into thecavity for at least 30 seconds before it reaches the set state.
 15. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable resin system is used to forma pre-made polymeric article having a living-polymer surface that isdelivered to another location for use in filling a space or forplacement in a predetermined site and wherein the pre-made polymericarticle is glued into a predetermined site using an ethylenicallyunsaturated polymerizable adhesive composition that is polymerizable bycontact with a polymer surface of the article in order to secure thepre-made polymeric article in the predetermined site.
 16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the pre-made polymeric article is a dental crown orbridge, an inlay/onlay, a root canal point, or post to restore a damagedtooth.